Definiciones de Enfermería

Executive Summary: From Consumer to Chemist

A skincare or beauty product label is a dense, complex document. It is simultaneously a marketing billboard, a legal contract, and a scientific blueprint. To the untrained eye, it presents a dizzying array of claims, symbols, and unpronounceable ingredients. To the expert, it is a technical document that reveals the product's true purpose, its formulation logic, its safety parameters, and its regulatory standing.

This report will systematically deconstruct the cosmetic label, transforming it from an object of marketing into a source of technical data. The analysis will proceed in six distinct phases:

1. Label Anatomy: The legal requirements of the "front" (Principal Display Panel) versus the "back" (Information Panel).
2. Ingredient Declaration: A deep dive into the language (INCI), syntax (order of predominance), and hidden clues (the 1% rule) of the ingredient list.
3. Ingredient Function: Differentiating the "active" workhorse ingredients that change the skin from the "functional" ingredients that create the product.
4. Symbol Glossary: A visual dictionary translating the dozens of icons—from expiration dates to ethical certifications—into actionable information.
5. Claims Analysis: Separating legally meaningless marketing "buzzwords" (e.g., "Clean," "Hypoallergenic") from federally regulated, evidence-based claims (e.g., "Broad Spectrum SPF").
6. Global & Practical Context: Understanding the critical regulatory differences between the US and EU that change label content, and concluding with a practical strategy for analyzing any product.

By the conclusion of this report, you will be equipped with the critical literacy of a formulator and a regulatory specialist, enabling you to make choices based on scientific fact and formulation logic rather than marketing hype.

I. The Anatomy of a Cosmetic Label: A Tale of Two Panels

A cosmetic label is not designed by arbitrary choice; its layout is dictated by law, primarily by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA). The information is split between two distinct sections.

The Principal Display Panel (PDP): The "Face" of the Product

The Principal Display Panel (PDP) is the portion of the package most likely to be "displayed, presented, shown, or examined" by the consumer—simply, the "front" of the box or bottle. For cylindrical containers, federal regulations specify the PDP must cover at least 40% of the circumference.

The PDP is legally required to bear two key pieces of information:

1. Statement of Identity: This defines what the product is (e.g., "Face Moisturizer," "Cleansing Oil").
2. Net Quantity of Contents: This states how much product is in the container (e.g., "8 fl oz (236 mL)") and must be placed within the bottom 30% of the PDP.

The Information Panel: The "Back" or "Side"

The Information Panel contains all other mandatory information. It is legally located to the immediate right of the PDP or, if impractical, on the back panel.

This panel must include:

• Ingredient Declaration: The complete list of ingredients.
• Name and Place of Business: The manufacturer, packer, or distributor.
• Country of Origin: Mandatory for all imported articles.
• Directions for Safe Use: Instructions and any necessary warning statements (e.g., "For external use only").
• Legibility Requirements: All information must be easily readable, with a letter height of at least 1/16th of an inch.

A critical regulatory distinction exists between the "inside" container (the bottle) and the "outside" container (the box). While basic info must be on both, the full ingredient list and manufacturer's address are only legally required on the outer container. A user who discards the outer box may be left with only the primary bottle, which often lacks the very ingredient list they may need to check for allergens.

II. Decoding the Ingredient Declaration: A Formulator's Perspective

The ingredient declaration is the "source code" of the product. Understanding its language (INCI), syntax (the order), and hidden clues (the 1% rule) is the foundation of label literacy.

The Language of INCI: A Global Standard

Cosmetic ingredients are listed by a standardized, global naming system: the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI). This system ensures that a single ingredient name is used worldwide, allowing consumers to identify potential allergens (e.g., Sodium Lauryl Sulfate) regardless of where the product was purchased.

INCI names follow specific conventions:

• Common/Chemical Names:Aqua (Water), Parfum (Fragrance), Glycerin, Dimethicone.
• Botanicals: Plant-derived ingredients use the Latin binomial system (e.g., Rosa damascena for Damask rose).
• Plant Extracts: The label must be precise, often listing both the plant and the solvent (e.g., Glycerin (and) Aqua (and) Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract).

The Order of Predominance: The Master Rule

The single most important rule of the ingredient list is that components are listed in descending order of predominance (concentration).

The first ingredient on the list, most commonly Aqua (Water), is the most abundant ingredient and forms the base, or "vehicle," of the product. Each subsequent ingredient is present in a smaller amount than the one listed before it.

The "1% Rule": The Great Unknown

The "descending order" rule has a critical exception. After all ingredients present at concentrations above 1.0% are listed, all ingredients present at concentrations of 1.0% or less may be listed in any order.

This creates a "1% line" in the ingredient list. Everything above this conceptual line is in strict order. Everything below it is in a randomized, often marketing-driven, order.

Strategic Analysis: How to Find the "1% Line"

The label does not explicitly state where the 1% line is. A savvy reader must deduce it by identifying "indicator" ingredients that are almost never used at concentrations above 1.0%.

Common 1% line indicators include:

• Preservatives:Phenoxyethanol (often used around 0.5-1.0%), Parabens (e.g., Methylparaben), Potassium Sorbate, Sodium Benzoate.
• Fragrance:Parfum or Fragrance (almost always <1.0% in facial skincare).
• Botanical Extracts
• Chelating Agents:Disodium EDTA
• Thickening Agents

Strategy: Scan the ingredient list. The first time one of these indicators (e.g., Phenoxyethanol) appears, it is highly probable that it, and every ingredient listed after it, is present at 1.0% or less.

Common Pitfalls and Formulation Realities

A prevalent myth, the "First Five Rule," claims that only the first five ingredients matter. This is demonstrably false. Many of the most powerful "active" ingredients are highly effective at concentrations well below the 1% line.

For example, many Peptides, Hyaluronic Acid, and Retinol are potent at 0.5% or less. Seeing these "hero" ingredients listed after preservatives is not a sign of a "bad" product; it is a sign of a scientifically-sound formulation. An ingredient's efficacy is not always proportional to its concentration.

Fragrance and Allergens: The Great Divide (US vs. EU)

• The US "Black Box": In the United States, a brand can legally group hundreds of chemical compounds under the single INCI name Fragrance or Parfum. This is considered a "trade secret" loophole.
• The EU "Transparency Mandate": The European Union takes a radically different approach. The EU identifies specific fragrance ingredients with a high potential to cause allergic reactions.
  • The Original 26: The EU originally required brands to individually list 26 specific fragrance allergens (e.g., Limonene, Linalool, Geraniol) if their concentration exceeded 0.001% in leave-on products.
  • The 2023 Expansion: In July 2023, the EU massively expanded this list from 26 to over 90 substances.

This EU expansion has a "ripple effect" on US labels, as global brands create one "global label" that complies with the strictest regulations.

A Critical Exception: OTC Drugs and Sunscreens

A confusing exception exists for products classified as Over-the-Counter (OTC) drugs in the US, such as sunscreens and anti-acne products. These labels are split into "Active Ingredients" and "Inactive Ingredients." For the "Inactive" ingredient list, brands are permitted to list these ingredients alphabetically, rather than in descending order. This makes it impossible to use the "1% line" deduction to estimate concentrations.

Limitations of the INCI List

An INCI list is a "recipe" but reveals nothing of the "cooking technique." It cannot tell you:

• The Source: Is the Glycerin animal-derived or plant-derived (vegan)?
• The Quality/Grade:Retinol can be purchased in many grades of purity and stability.
• The Skin Feel: Two creams with identical INCI lists can feel completely different.
• The Effectiveness: The list does not reveal the technology used to stabilize an ingredient (like Vitamin C).

III. Identifying the "Power" Players: Active vs. Functional Ingredients

Every formula is a balance of "Active" ingredients that change the skin and "Functional" ingredients that create the product.

Active Ingredients: The "Workhorses"

Active ingredients are scientifically proven to provide a specific, beneficial effect.

1. In US OTC Drugs (Sunscreens, Anti-Acne): Identification is simple. The FDA requires these to be listed in a separate "Active Ingredients" box, often with exact percentages (e.g., Salicylic Acid 2%, Zinc Oxide 20%).
2. In Cosmetics (Serums, Moisturizers): Identification is more difficult. There is no "Active" box. The consumer must learn to recognize their names.

It is critical to note that the "Active" vs. "Inactive" designation on an OTC drug is a legal distinction, not a functional one. The "Inactive" list often contains dozens of cosmetically active ingredients, like Niacinamide, Peptides, or Hyaluronic Acid. A novice consumer might see Hyaluronic Acid on an "Inactive" list and assume it does nothing, when a formulator knows it is a primary functional hydrator.

Table 1: Common Active Ingredients Reference Guide

Ingredient Category	Common INCI Name(s)	Primary Function (How it Works)
Retinoids	Retinol, Retinaldehyde, Retinyl Palmitate, Hydroxypinacolone Retinoate	Anti-Aging: Vitamin A derivatives that accelerate cell turnover and boost collagen synthesis.[9, 29, 34]
Vitamin C	Ascorbic Acid (or L-Ascorbic Acid), Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate, Tetrahexyldecyl Ascorbate [35]	Antioxidant & Brightening: Fights free radical damage and inhibits melanin production to fade dark spots.[9, 34]
AHAs	Glycolic Acid, Lactic Acid, Mandelic Acid, Citric Acid [36]	Exfoliant (Water-Soluble): Dissolves the bonds holding dead skin cells to the surface.[9, 37]
BHAs	Salicylic Acid, Betaine Salicylate	Exfoliant (Oil-Soluble): Penetrates into the pore lining to exfoliate inside the pore; highly effective for acne.[9, 30, 34]
Hydrators	Hyaluronic Acid, Sodium Hyaluronate, Glycerin, Niacinamide, Panthenol	Moisture-Binding: Pulls water from the environment and dermis into the skin's top layer.[9, 34]
Peptides	(Look for "peptide" or "oyl") Palmitoyl Tripeptide-5, Acetyl Hexapeptide-8	Cell-Signaling: Messengers that "tell" skin cells to perform tasks, such as producing more collagen.[9, 34, 39]
Barrier Lipids	Ceramide NP, Ceramide AP, Ceramide EOP, Cholesterol, Fatty Acids [9, 36]	Skin-Identical: Replenish the natural "mortar" of the skin barrier to lock in moisture.

Functional Ingredients: The "Unsung Heroes"

These ingredients are often dismissed as "fillers," but they are essential components that create the product's texture, ensure its safety, and allow it to be applied.

Common functional categories include:

• Solvents: The liquid base (e.g., Aqua, Glycerin).
• Emulsifiers: Bind oil and water to create a stable cream (e.g., Cetearyl Alcohol, Polysorbate 20).
• Preservatives: Prevent the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold (e.g., Phenoxyethanol, Parabens).
• Viscosity Enhancers (Thickeners): Create the product's "body" (e.g., Carbomer, Xanthan Gum).
• Emollients: Create a smooth, soft feel (e.g., ButyrospermumParkii (Shea) Butter, Squalane, Dimethicone).
• Occlusives: Form a physical barrier to prevent water loss (e.g., Petrolatum, Mineral Oil).

Many functional ingredients serve multiple purposes. Glycerin, for example, is a solvent, but it is also one of the most effective active hydrators (humectants) available.

Spotting Ingredients of Concern: Case Study (Sulfates)

• How to Spot: Look for ingredients with "Sulfate" in the name.
• Common INCI:Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) and Sodium Laureth Sulfate (SLES).
• Function: Powerful surfactants (detergents) that create a rich lather to remove grime and oil.
• The Controversy: Because they are so effective, they can over-strip the skin or scalp, removing natural protective oils. This can lead to irritation, dryness, and a compromised skin barrier.

IV. The Symbol Glossary: Decoding the Icons

Labels communicate vital information through standardized symbols.

Table 2: Cosmetic Symbol Glossary

Symbol Name (Common & Regulatory)	Visual Description	Expert Definition & Regulatory Context
PAO (Period After Opening)

An icon of an open jar with a number followed by an "M" (e.g., "12M"). | Meaning: Indicates the product's usable lifetime after it has been opened (e.g., "12M" = 12 months).[50, 51, 52, 53] Context: This is about microbial stability. Once opened, the product is exposed to air and microorganisms.[54, 55] Regulation: Mandatory in the EU/UK. Not required in the US.[51, 56] |

| BBE (Best Before End) | An icon of an hourglass, often next to a printed date (month/year). | Meaning: The "expiration date" for an unopened product.[57, 58] This is the total, factory-sealed shelf life.[59, 60] Regulation: Mandatory in the EU/UK for products with a shelf life less than 30 months.[50, 51, 55, 56] Not required in the US (except for OTC drugs). |

| Leaping Bunny | An icon of a leaping rabbit, often with stylized stars. | Meaning: The "gold standard" for "Cruelty-Free".[61] Context: Verifies that no animal testing was conducted on the finished product or its individual ingredients, including from third-party suppliers.[61, 62] This is far stricter than a simple "cruelty-free" claim.[61, 63] |

| USDA Organic | A green and white circular seal reading "USDA ORGANIC." | Meaning: An agricultural (food) standard. Requires 95-100% of the agricultural ingredients to be certified organic.[61, 62, 64] Context: This is difficult for many cosmetics to achieve, as they rely on water or minerals (which cannot be "organic").[61, 63] |

| Mobius Loop | A triangle composed of three chasing arrows. | Meaning: The container is capable of being recycled.[53, 65] Context: This is not a guarantee. It does not mean it's made from recycled material, nor does it mean your local facility will accept it.[66] |

| Mobius Loop (Recycled Content)| A triangle of chasing arrows, often within a solid circle, with a percentage (%) inside. | Meaning: The container is made from recycled material. The percentage indicates how much is post-consumer recycled content.[53, 66] |

| Resin Identification Code (RIC) | A number (1-7) inside a thin arrow triangle. | Meaning: Identifies the type of plastic resin used. This is a sorting code for recycling facilities, not a consumer guarantee of recyclability.[66, 67, 68] Context: 1 (PETE), 2 (HDPE), and 5 (PP) are widely recycled. 3 (PVC), 6 (PS), and 7 (Other) are rarely recycled.[67, 69, 70] |

| Refer to Insert | An icon of a hand pointing to an open book. | Meaning: The container is too small to fit all mandatory information. This information is located on an enclosed leaflet, hang-tag, or peel-back label.[49, 51] |

| E-Mark | A stylized lowercase "e" (℮). | Meaning: An EU-only symbol that guarantees the volume or weight (Net Quantity) listed on the label is accurate according to EU averaging standards.[50, 51, 53] |

| UVA Circle | The letters "UVA" printed inside a simple circle. | Meaning: An EU/Asia symbol for sunscreens. It certifies that the product's UVA protection (aging rays) is at least 1/3 of its labeled SPF (UVB protection). It is a pass/fail mark, conceptually similar to the US "Broad Spectrum" claim.[49] |

A primary source of confusion is the interplay between the BBE (hourglass) and PAO (open jar) symbols. The PAO "clock" starts ticking the moment the product is opened, regardless of the BBE date. If a product has a BBE of "08/2027" but a PAO of "6M," and you open it in 01/2025, you must discard it in 07/2025 (6 months later).

V. Fact from Fiction: Deconstructing Marketing vs. Regulated Claims

The text on a label is divided into two categories: unregulated marketing "buzzwords" designed to persuade, and legally-defined, regulated claims that must be backed by evidence.

The "Wild West": Unregulated Marketing Claims (Buyer Beware)

These terms have no legal or federal definition in the United States. Their meaning is defined by a brand's marketing department, not by the FDA.

• "Hypoallergenic"
  • Regulatory Reality: The FDA has no standards or definitions governing the use of this term.
  • Scientific Reality: Dermatologists state the term has "very little meaning". A 2023 study found that 73.6% of products marketed as "hypoallergenic" contained at least one common, potent allergen.
  • Expert Advice: This term is not just meaningless; it is dangerously misleading. Ignore this claim and read the full INCI list for your specific irritants.
• "Clean Beauty"
  • Regulatory Reality: There is no legal, scientific, or standardized framework for "clean".
  • Market Reality: This is a marketing movement based on avoiding a self-selected list of "toxic" or "controversial" ingredients. The "banned" list is arbitrary and varies by retailer (e.g., the "Clean at Sephora" seal).
  • Expert Advice: "Clean" does not equal "safe" or "superior." It is often a form of "greenwashing" or "chemophobia".
• "Non-Comedogenic"
  • Meaning:Implies the product has been formulated and tested to not clog pores.
  • Regulatory Reality: This is not an FDA-regulated term. It is not a guarantee.
• "Dermatologist-Tested"
  • Meaning:Implies a dermatologist was involved in the product's evaluation.
  • Regulatory Reality: Unregulated. It does not mean "dermatologist-approved." The "test" could have been a simple patch test for irritation on 10 subjects.

The Legal Line: Cosmetic vs. Drug Claims

In the United States, a product's regulatory category is determined by its intended use, which is established by its claims.

• Cosmetic Claim: Affects "appearance" (e.g., "Reduces the appearance of fine lines," "Hydrates skin").
• Drug Claim: Affects the "structure or function of the body" or "treats, or prevents disease" (e.g., "Boosts collagen production," "Treats acne").

If a product marketed as a cosmetic makes drug claims, the FDA considers it an unapproved new drug.

Legally Regulated Claims: Case Study (Sunscreen)

Sunscreens are the best example of a product with legally defined claims. In the US, sunscreens are regulated as Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs.

• "Active Ingredients": Must be listed in a separate box with exact percentages. These must be FDA-approved filters:
  • Mineral (Inorganic):Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide.
  • Chemical (Organic):Avobenzone, Homosalate, Octocrylene, Oxybenzone, etc.
• "Broad Spectrum": This is a mandatory, FDA-regulated claim. The product must pass a specific test proving it provides protection against both UVA and UVB rays.
• "SPF" (Sun Protection Factor):
  • FDA Meaning: A legal measure of protection against UVB (burning) rays only.
  • The Numbers: Protection is not linear. SPF 15 blocks ~93% of UVB rays; SPF 30 blocks ~97%. The American Academy of Dermatology recommends SPF 30 or higher.
• Banned Claims: It is illegal for a sunscreen to be labeled "Waterproof," "Sweatproof," or "Sunblock".
• "Water Resistance": This is a legal claim. The label must state how long the SPF remains effective while swimming or sweating (either 40 minutes or 80 minutes).
• The PA+ System (The Global Standard for UVA):
  • Common in Asian and European markets, the PA (Protection Grade of UVA) system specifically rates the level of UVA (aging) protection.
  • It uses a "plus" scale: PA+ (Some UVA) to PA++++ (Extremely High UVA).
  • This highlights a gap in the US system. The US "Broad Spectrum" claim is a simple "pass/fail." The graduated PA+ system is far more transparent.

Table 3: Marketing Claims vs. Regulated Reality

Claim	Type	Regulatory Definition (US FDA)	Expert Insight & Actionable Advice
"Hypoallergenic"	Marketing	None.	Ignore. This term is meaningless, unregulated, and often false. Read the INCI list.[75]
"Clean Beauty"	Marketing	None.	Be skeptical. This is a brand-defined philosophy, not a safety standard.[73, 79]
"Non-Comedogenic"	Marketing	None.	Use as a guide, not a guarantee. It suggests a formulation goal [81, 82].
"Dermatologist-Tested"	Marketing	None.	Ignore. This claim is weak and unregulated. It does not mean "dermatologist-approved."
"Broad Spectrum"	Regulated (Drug)	Yes. Passed FDA test for UVA/UVB protection.	Essential. This is a required legal claim. Only purchase sunscreens that state "Broad Spectrum".
"SPF 30"	Regulated (Drug)	Yes. Measure of UVB ("burning") protection.	Essential. This is a required legal measure. Dermatologists recommend SPF 30 or higher.
"Water Resistant (80 Minutes)"	Regulated (Drug)	Yes. Legal measure of performance.	Essential. "Waterproof" is a banned, false claim.
"PA++++"	Regulated (Int'l)	No (in US)	Highly Desirable. This is the highest UVA ("aging") protection rating, superior to the US "pass/fail" Broad Spectrum claim.

VI. A Practical Guide: Global Context and Consumer Tools

Why Labels Change: A Tale of Two Philosophies (US vs. EU)

The regulations in the United States and the European Union are built on two fundamentally different philosophies.

• EU (European Commission): The "Precautionary Principle"
  • Philosophy: If an ingredient carries a suspected risk (even without definitive proof), it is restricted or banned as a precaution. This is a proactive, safety-first approach.
  • In Practice: The EU has banned over 1,378 ingredients. More importantly, the EU requires a mandatory pre-market safety assessment (CPSR) for every product before it can be sold.
• US (Food & Drug Administration): The "Post-Market" Approach
  • Philosophy: A product is generally considered safe until proven harmful after it is on the market. This is a reactive, market-first approach.
  • In Practice: The FDA has banned or restricted only ~11 ingredients. The US (until recently) had no pre-market approval for cosmetics.

The popular "EU bans 1,378, US bans 11" statistic is often used by "clean beauty" marketers but is partially misleading. 80% of the ingredients on the EU's banned list "have not been used and never would be used as a cosmetics ingredient" (e.g., jet fuel). The real, functional difference is the EU's mandatory pre-market safety assessment and its transparent fragrance allergen labeling.

A major shift is underway. The Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act (MoCRA) of 2022 is the most significant update to US cosmetic law since 1938. MoCRA is moving the US closer to the EU model by introducing requirements for mandatory facility registration, safety substantiation, and fragrance allergen reporting.

Table 4: Key Labeling Differences: US (FDA) vs. EU (EC)

Feature	United States (FDA)	European Union (EC)
Governing Philosophy	Post-Market (Reactive).	Precautionary Principle (Proactive).[99, 100]
Pre-Market Approval	No (pre-MoCRA).[90, 101] MoCRA now requires safety substantiation.[102]	Yes. A mandatory Cosmetic Product Safety Report (CPSR) is required.[101, 102]
Banned Ingredients	~11	~1,378+
Sunscreens	Regulated as OTC Drugs.[89, 90]	Regulated as Cosmetics.[89, 90, 99]
Fragrance Allergens	No (historically). "Fragrance" is a "black box".[23, 28] (MoCRA will soon require this).	Yes. Mandatory labeling of 90+ specific allergens (e.g., Linalool).[24, 25, 27]
"Responsible Person"	No (pre-MoCRA). MoCRA is now introducing this concept.[89, 102]	Yes. A "Responsible Person" based in the EU must be named on the label.[101, 102]

A Consumer's Toolkit: Beyond the Label

It is impossible to memorize all 20,000+ INCI names. The final skill is learning to use external, unbiased databases to analyze a label.

• INCIDecoder: The premier tool for understanding ingredient function. It accepts a full INCI list and provides a plain-English, research-backed explanation of what each ingredient does.
• CosDNA: A powerful tool for ingredient analysis, specifically for flagging potential acne (comedogenic) and irritation triggers.
• Paula's Choice Ingredient Checker: An excellent, science-first dictionary that rates ingredients based on published, peer-reviewed studies.
• EWG Skin Deep: A hazard-focused database that gives products a safety score. Its methodology is sometimes debated but it remains an influential tool.
• Yuka App: A mobile app that scans barcodes to provide an instant score on health and environmental impact.

Conclusion: A 5-Step Strategy for Reading Any Label

With this knowledge, any consumer can analyze a product like an expert. This systematic 5-step process moves the focus from marketing claims to formulation facts.

1. Check Safety & Logistics. Locate the PAO (open jar) symbol and BBE (hourglass) symbol. The product's lifespan is dictated by the PAO or the BBE, whichever comes first.
2. Check Regulated Claims. If it is a sunscreen, confirm it is labeled "Broad Spectrum" and "SPF 30" (or higher). Check for "Water Resistant" (40 or 80 minutes) if needed.
3. Analyze the INCI List for Actives. Ignore the front-of-bottle claims. Read the INCI list on the back. Using Table 1 as a guide, identify the actual active ingredients present in the formula.
4. Analyze for Concentration & Red Flags. Find the "1% Line" by spotting an indicator like Phenoxyethanol or Fragrance. Determine if the desired actives are above or below this line. Check for personal allergens or known irritants.
5. Verify the Unknown. If the list contains unrecognized ingredients, paste the entire list into a digital tool like INCIDecoder to receive an unbiased, scientific explanation of every component's function.

This systematic process demystifies the label, moving the user from a passive consumer influenced by marketing to an empowered, educated analyst capable of making decisions based on evidence.

References

1. U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA):Summary of Cosmetics Labeling Requirements
2. INCIDecoder:How to read an ingredient list
3. https://trilogylaboratories.com/how-to-label-skin-care-products/
4. Sylvaia.com